c 






\A 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



By JOHN E. CALFEE 




I ;\ 






-^-•;;^^'- 



FARM PROBLEMS FOR THE FARMER 
AND HIS CHILDREN 



11 



Published By 

BEREA COLLEGE, BEREA, KENTUCKY 

(Price 25 Cents) 




THE BUY l,INCOI,N 
Painting by Eastman Johnson, now in the BercaXollege l,iLrary. 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



Starting Children 

to Think and Figure on 

Home and Its Improvement 



By 
JOHN E. CALFEE 

Department of Mathematics, Berea College Normal, Berea, Ky. 



Our ability to maintain schools depends upon our appreciation of 

our children and their education, rather than upon the 

amount of stock and land we own. 



BEREA, KY. 
Printing Department, Berea College 
1912 



•is. 



Copyright, 1912 
By JOHN E). CAI^FEE 



C'CI.A314865 

7J n / 



CONTENTS 



About This Book 5 

A Word With Teachers 7 

Teaching Arithmetic 8 

Hints 8 

Multiplication Tables lo 

Judging Distance, Surface and Bulk 12 

Lumber Measure 13 

Measuring Lumber in the Log 15 

Measuring the Height of a Tree 16 

Cord Wood and Tan Bark 17 

Stove Wood 17 

Estimating Coal 18 

Produce, Grain and Stock Market 18 

Produce 19 

Liquid Measure 20 

Soil Erosion 20 

Land Measure 21 

Spray i ng () rchards 23 

Mill Problems 24 

Training for the Head and the Hand 26 

Idleness and Carelessness 27 

Educated Labor '. 29 

The Value of Birds to Farmers 29 

What It Costs to Grow Corn 30 

Estimating Cro]-)S in the Ikilk 31 

Tax Upon the Soil by DifTerent Crops 34 

The Cost of Restoring Plant Food to the Soil 35 

Crop Rotation 37 

Selecting Seed Corn 38 

Testing Seed Corn 41 

Feed Problems 42 

Meat Problems 44 

The Cost of Bad Roads and Who Pays It 45 

Weather- Boarding 48 

Shingling 49 

Metal Roofing 50 

Flooring 51 

Estimating Number of Brick for Building Flues. ..52 

Painting 52 

Papering 53 

Determining the Length of a Rafter 54 

Cutting Rafters 54 

A Model Country School House 57 

Using the Bank 59 

State and Local Taxes .....62 

Books a Teacher Should Know 64 



ABOUT THIS BOOK 



This little book will do four things: 

First, it will help any farmer do liis own liguring. 
Any man who ean add, subtract, multiply and divide, and 
will sit down with this book an hour a day for one winter, 
will be able to do his own liguring. 

Second, this book will give the farmer and his boys 
and girls a lot of fun. There is as much fun in this book 
as in a checker-board! 

Third, in the school room this book will interest every 
pupil. It talks about things we handle every day. It helps 
in our home work. Uur children need these i)roblems 
more than they need problems about banks and city busi- 
ness. 

And in the fourth place, this little bo(jk will help 
make our country people prosperous. Head-work pays on 
the farm as well as anywhere. This book sets us to study- 
ing the things that pay, like good seed, good buildings, 
good management. It show us just how one bad ear of 
seed-corn causes the farmer a loss of four dollars. 

Go forth little book, and help the Good Lord in his 
blessed work ol making more corn grow, more lambs antl 
calves frisk in the pastures, more happy children brighten 
the path between the home and the church-house and the 
school! 

Wm, Goodell Frost. 
Berea College, 
May, 1 9 1 2 



Tlie author sincerely desires to thank liis Students and 
Professors Charles D. Lewis, E. C. Scale, John F. Smith, 
F. O. Clark and President Frost for their advice and criti- 
cism. 

J. E. C. 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



A WORD WITH TEACHERS 

The old time teaching of arithmetic, to a large extent, 
was done to prepare pupils lor i)assing examinations. 
Arithmetics were made and taught to this end. P^xpressed 
or implied, the theory was that the function of the elemen- 
tary school was to prepare for college. The child who was 
never to enter college was looked upon as a very unfortu- 
nate being. He was reckoned with as of little jtromise, 
and in consequence no definite provision was made for those 
who must toil and do the world's work by the sweat of the 
brow. They were set adrift to take up the worlds industrial 
and commercial work with practically no preparation for 
economic and industrial eiliciency. As the result, tlie soil 
has been abused, worn out, much of the timber wasted, 
and many once fertile farms abandoned. 

The purpose of this book is to touch every phase of 
farm management. The problems are real and practical, 
taken from every day farm life. The information given 
is reliable, valuable, and can be used to increase the profits 
in farming. The country boy and girl are to be taught in 
terms of their immediate surroundings. They are to be 
given a chance to solve problems in which they and their 
parents are vitally interested. The management of the farm 
is to be made an attractive and intelligent subject for con- 
versation around the home fireside during the long winter 
evenings. A sane practical business outlook upon the ad- 
ministration of farm aflairs will develop in the children a 
broad statesman-like view of the unbounded opportunities 
for accumulation of wealth and happiness on the farm. 
The farmers' children are entitled to have a fair chance thru 



8 RURAL ARITHMETIC « 

their education to remain on the farm as successful farmers, 
and to this end I submit this little book. 



TEACHING ARITHMETIC 

The mastery of arithmetic depends upon the pupils 
skill in using the fundamental processes. The ability to add, 
subtract, multiply and divide, rapidly and accurately, is at 
the foundation of all satisfactory progress in the study of 
arithmetic. A large part of the errors in business calcula- 
tions are caused by illegible figures that are placed in ir- 
regular columns for addition. More stress should be 
placed upon teaching children to make neat, legible fig- 
ures of uniform size. 

Dictation exercises in writing numbers should be given 
until the child can rapidly write numbers, placing units of 
the same order in the same vertical column. 

Much practice should be given in reading at a glance 
numbers consisting of from two to five figures, without 
naming the individual figures. A good reader takes in a 
word at a glance, without thinking of the separate letters 
forming the word; the same standard should be set for 
reading numbers. 



HINTS 

Addition of two numbers consisting of one or two 
figures each should be done at sight. 

ORAL EXERCISE 

Name at sight the sum of each of the following prob- 
lems: 

(1) 32547468867975 lO 
23366757588899 9 



ORAL EXERCISKS 



1 1 


1 2 


10 


I 2 


I') 


22 




23 


27 


32 


37 


42 


8 


8 


•3 


14 


18 


ly 




16 


21 


28 


32 


37 


26 


2(; 


33 


45 


3^^ 


47 




5« 


63 


77 


88 


91 


4 


7 


8 


9 


5 


8 




9 


8 


9 


7 


5 


I 2 


13 


I 2 


I I 


17 ] 


[y I 


8 


19 


15 


18 


17 


19 


12 


13 


15 


16 


18 : 


>5 I 


3 


14 


17 


ir. 


1 1 


17 



(2) 



(3) 



(4) 34 17 19 37 42 31 44 2y 48 51 55 

25 25 23 21 35 29 2>7 41 34 2y 46 

28 39 81 76 67 78 35 59 49 7i 85 

33 27 16 22 29 24 17 28 62 38 78 



The addition of several numbers arranged in vertical 
C(jlumns can be simplified and rendered much easier by 
thinking only sums. 

In adding 35 think 17, 24, 30, and 35, and not 9 
46 and 8 are 17 and 7 are 24 and 6 are 
77 30 and 5 are 35. 
68 
29 

ORAL EXKRCISF. 

Speaking only the sums, add the following: 



385 


416 


21 2 


297 


811 


877 


288 


937 


276 


289 


378 


578 


762 


689 


999 


823 


425 


375 


829 


879 


879 


578 


878 


578 


n^ 


891 


657 


683 


648 


^^39 


^5 7 


717 


897 


345 


762 


479 


532 


721 


894 


816 


3^^5 


278 


259 


178 


891 


278 


n5 


217 



lO 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



I 



SUBTRACTION BY THE METHOD OF "MAKING CHANGE 

Speak the number in each of the following which 
added to the smaller, gives the larger number: 

3 5 7 9 8 9 lo 1 1 12 14 15 14 17 18 16 15 
1245346456869879 



16 


17 


19 


22 


27 


29 


34 


37 


39 3 


I 


33 


42 


12 


13 


15 


16 


15 


17 


18 


16 


1 2 I 


6 


17 


16 


81 


47 


28 


47 


49 


$2 


00 


$5.00 


|io. 


00 


$5 


00 


27 


19 


1 1 


29 


24 


$1 


25 


$3-50 


$6 


75 


$1 


75 



No attempt is made in this book to supply sufficient 
exercises in addition, subtraction, multiplication and 
division. The teacher who finds his students in need of 
practice can easily prepare the necessary exercises. 



MULTIPLICATION 

The sixty-four primary facts of multiplication must 
be perfectly memorized before the pupil can become 
skilled in the process. They are as follows: 



2 times 2 equals 


4 


3 


times 2 equals 6 


2 times 3 equals 


6 


3 


times 3 equals g 


2 times 4 equals 


8 


3 


times 4 equals 12 


2 times 5 equals 


10 


3 


times 5 equals 15 


2 times 6 equals 


12 


3 


times 6 equals 18 


2 times 7 equals 


14 


3 


times 7 equals 21 


2 times 8 equals 


16 


3 


times 8 equals 24 


2 times 9 equals 


18 


3 


times 9 equals 27 


4 times 2 equals 


8 


5 


times 2 equals 10 


4 times 3 equals 


12 


5 


times 3 equals 15 


4 times 4 equals 


16 


'5 


times 4 equals 20 


4 times 5 equals 


20 


5 


times 5 equals 25 


4 times 6 equals 


24 


5 


times 6 equals 30 


4 times 7 equals 


28 


5 


times 7 equals 35 


4 times 8 equals 


32 


5 


times 8 equals 40 


4 times 9 equals 


3^ 


5 


times 9 equals 45 



MULTIPLICATION 



II 



6 times 2 equals 


12 


7 


times 2 equals 14 


i 6 times 3 equals 


18 


7 


times 3 equals 21 


6 times 4 equals 


24 


7 


times 4 equals 28 


j 6 times 5 equals 


30 


7 


times 5 equals 35 


' 6 times 6 equals 


3^^ 


7 


times 6 equals 42 


6 times 7 equals 


42 


7 


times 7 equals 49 


6 times 8 equals 


48 


7 


times 8 equals 56 


6 times 9 equals 


54 


7 


times 9 equals 63 


8 times 2 equals 


j6 


9 


times 2 equals 18 


8 times 3 equals 


24 


9 


times 3 equals 27 


8 times 4 equals 


32 


9 


times 4 equals 36 


8 times 5 equals 


40 


9 


times 5 equals 45 


8 times 6 equals 


4« 


9 


times 6 equals 54 


8 times 7 equals 


5^ 


9 


times 7 equals 63 


8 times 8 equals 


64 


9 


times 8 equals 72 


8 times 9 equals 


72 


9 


times 9 equals 81 



Owing to the large number of business transactions 
in which the price is 6^, 71^^, 8^/3, and i2]4c per article, 
yard, or pound, it is very convenient and important to 
memorize a merchant's table of multiplication. It is as 
follows: 



2 times 6^ equals 


I2>^ 


2 times 'jY^ equals 


15 


3 times 6^1 equals 


18^ 


3 times 7I4 equals 


221^ 


4 times 6]^ equals 


25 


4 times 73^ equals 


30 


5 times 6 '4 equals 


3 1, '4 


5 times 7].^ equals 


ij'A 


6 times ^y^ equals 


37'- 


6 times 7I/I equals 


45 


7 times 6]{ equals 


43^4 


7 times 7!/^ equals 


52 K 


8 times 6 '-4 equals 


50 


8 times 7}^ equals 


60 


9 times 6'4 ecjuals 


5(\'4 


9 times -jY^ equals 


67K 


lo times 6 '4 equals 


62 >4 


10 times 7!/^ equals 


75 


II times 6J4 equals 


68M 


11 times ^Y2. equals 


821^ 


12 times 6%. equals 


75 


12 times yYi equals 


90 



12 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



2 times 8yi equals 


16^3 


2 times 12^/^ equals 


25 


3 times 8^3 equals 


25 


3 times I23/| equals 


37M 


4 times Syi equals 


33^3 


4 times 123^ equals 


50 


5 times Sys equals 


417/3 


5 times 123^ equals 


62M 


6 times Syz equals 


50 


6 times 123^^ equals 


75 


7 times 8^3 equals 


58/3 


7 times 12}/^ equals 


87K 


8 times Syi equals 


662-3 


8 times 12]/, equals 


100 


9 times Sj/i equals 


75 


9 times 1234 equals 


II2l^ 


10 times 85^ equals 


83/3 


10 times 123^ equals 


125 


II times Syi equals 


91^3 


II times 123^ equals 


I37M 


12 times Sys equals 


100 


12 times 123^ equals 


150 



JUDGING DISTANCE, SURFACE AND BULK 

Every child should be made so familiar with the units 
of measure that he can measure distance, surface and vol- 
ume fairly accurately with the eye. 

1. Lay off a square yard on the wall or blackboard 
with colored crayon. Put it in a conspicuous place and 
do not erase. 

2. In one corner of the square yard lay off a square 
foot. 

3. Require each pupil to approximate the square 
yards in the school room floor, then measure and determine 
the exact number. 

4. Require each pupil to approximate the square 
feet in tlie blackboard, then measure and determine the 
exact number. 

5. How many square feet in the floor? 

6. How many square yards in the wall ? 



LUMBER MEASURE 



13 



LUMBER MEASURE 




? Btayl red 



A board foot is the 
unit in measuring lum- 
ber. It is a board one 
foot square and one 
inch or less thick. It 
contains 144 square 
inches. 

Lumber dealers us- 
ually speak of board feet as feet. 

1. On a board 6 inches wide, mark the length of a 
board that will contain 144 square inches (a board foot). 

2. On a board 8 inches wide, mark the length of a 
board that will contain 144 square inches (a board foot). 

3. On a board 4 inches wide, mark the length of a 
board that will contain 144 square inches (a board foot) 

4. On a board 10 inches wide, mark o(T a board foot. 

To find the number of board feet in a piece of lum- 
ber, divide by 12 the product of its length in feet by its 
width and thickness in inches. 

The work may usually be shortened by arranging it in 
the form for cancellation. How many feet in a plank 18 
ft. long, 8 inches wide and i inch thick? 

Solution (18 X 8 X -^12 ^ 12 feet. 

How many feet of lumber in a sill 12 ft. long, 8 inches 
wide and 6 inches thick? 

Solution (12 X 8 X 6) -h 12 =48 feet. 

In billing lumber the number of pieces is written 
first, then the thickness and width in inclies and the length 
in feet, and then the kind f)f lumber. 

2. Estimate the number of feet in the following: 



14 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



lo pieces 2 

12 " 3 

i6 " 3 

8o " 3 



n. X 4 in. X 12 ft., oak 
n. X 8 in. X 16 ft., " 
n. X 6 in. X 18 ft., " 
n. X 8 in. X 20 ft., " 

Total 



80 



Estimate the number of feet in the following: 
] 2 boards 10 in. X i in. X 1 2 ft. , oak boxing 
25 " 8 in.Xi in.XM ft., " 
60 " 6 in. X I in- X 16 ft., " 
36 " 8 in.Xi in.Xi2 ft., " 



Total 



To find the cost of a bill of lumber, multiply the cost 
per hundred feet by the number of feet and point ofT two 
additional decimal places in the product. 

Find the cost of 75 feet of lumber at $2. 1 2 per hundred. 
Solution $2.12 X 75 = $1.5900. 

Find the cost of 80 feet of lumber at $2 per hundred. 
Solution $2 X 80 = $1.60. 

3. At 1 1. 75 per hundred find the total cost of: 

7 joists 2 in. X 10 in. X 18 ft. . . 

75 planks I in. X 8 in. X H ft. . . 

30 scantling 2 in. X 4 in. X 12 ft. . . ■ 



Total 



4. Find the cost, at $1.00 per hundred, of the lum- 
ber required to build a yard fence 150 ft. long. The boards 
used are i in. X 4 in. X 12 ft., and the fence is 5 boards 
high. 

5. Find the total cost of the following: 

20 scantling 2 in. X4in. X 16 ft. at $1.50 per hundred 
60 planks I in. X^ in. X i4 ft. at $1.75 " " 

100 " I in. X4 in. X 12 ft. at $2. 25 " " 




LOG MKASURE I 5 

MEASURING LUMBER IN THE LOG 

Tlie rule most generally used in our section is Doyle's 
Rule: Take 4 inclies off the diameter for slab, multi{)ly 

the remainder by one- 
half of itself, then by 
the length of the log in 
feet, and divide by 8. 
How many feet of lumber in this log? 
Solution: Take 4 in. off 24 in. (the smaller diameter); 
multiply 20 (the difference) by 10 (one-half the difference), 
then by 12 ft. (the length of the log), and divide by 8=300 ft. 

1. How many feet of lumber in a log 12 ft. long, 
32 in. in diameter .' 

2. Estimate the board feet in the following: 

3 logs 14 feet long, 36 inches in diameter. 
2 logs 16 feet long, 24 inches in diameter. 

3. At 50c per hundred for sawing, what will it cost 
to have sawed 10 logs 16 feet long, 18 inches in diameter? 

4. How many chests 4 feet long, 2 feet wide and 
i^ feet deep can be made from a walnut log 16 feet long, 
30 inches in diameter? 

5. dn oak tree 11 in. in diameter, contains about 46 
ft. of lumber. After a growth of 8 years it contains 125 
ft. At $1.00 per hundred, what is the value of the growth 
on the oak in 50 acres of forest, averaging 30 oaks to the acre? 

6. A poplar tree 10 in. in diameter contains about 
46 ft. of lumber. After a growth of 10 years it contains 
200 ft. At $1.75 per hundred what is the value of the 
growth on 400 trees ? 

7. Counting one railroad tie to a tree 1 1 in. in diame- 
ter, which is the better business to cut 800 tie trees when 
ties are selling at 55c apiece, delivered, or take the growth 
OR them for 12 years, at which time the trees will average 
170 ft., worth $1.50 per hundred standing? 



i6 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



8. A cubic foot of oak weighing 64 pounds, what is 
the weight upon a wagon loaded with 16 ties 8_^ ft. long, 
9 in. wide and 7 inches thick ? 

9. Placing railroad ties 2 ft. apart, how many are 
required for i mile of track ? 



MEASURING THE HEIGHT OF A TREE 

To make a triangle for measuring the height of a tree; 
nail two straight strips together, making a square corner 
at the point of contact, then saw off each strip exactly six 
inches from the corner and join their ends with a strip. 

To measure the height of 
a tree, take such a position 
on a level with the foot of 
the tree to be measured, 
that when the triangle is held 
in the position shown in the 
picture, the eye, the long- 
est side of the triangle, and 
the point whose height is to 
be measured, will be in the 
same straight line. INIeas- 






'-^^^'^ 




Measuring the height of a tree. 



ure the distance from where you stand to the foot of the 
tree and to this add your own height, this will give the 
approximate height of the point measured. 

1. Measure with your triangle the height of a tree, 
then measure carefully with a string and find how nearly 
accurate you were with the triangle. 

2. Using your triangle measure the height of your 
school house. Your home. 

3. What is the height of the tallest tree on your 
father's farm ? In your neighborhood ? 



TAN BARK AND STOVE WOOD 



17 



CORD WOOD AND TAN BARK 

Cord wood is 4ft. long. A cord is a pile 8 ft. long and 
4 ft. high. 

I. Which is cheaper for a man living in town, to buy 

stove wood 16 in, long at 
$1.50 per cord, or pay $2 
per cord for cord wood and 
give a man $1. 50 to saw and 
split it into stove wood ? 
2. How many cords of 
wood does a man have on a rack 1 2 ft. long and 4 ft. high ? 

3. Make an estimate of the number of cords in the 
fallen trees that are wasting on your father's farm. 

4. How many cords of oak bark in a rick 24 ft. 
long and 10 ft. high? 

5. At $12 per cord, what is the value of a rick ol 
tan bark 40 ft. long and 6 ft. high? 




STOVE WOOD 

A cord of stove wood is a rick of wood 8 ft. long and 
4 ft. high and any length that will fit a stove. 

To find the number of cords in a rick, multiply the 
length of the rick, by the height in feet and divide by 32. 

1. A cord of wood for cooking purposes lasts a family 
3 weeks; when wood is $1.25 per cord, how much does 
the family pay out in the course of a year for cook-stove 
wood ? 

2. How many cords in a rick of wood 18 ft. long 
and 4 ft. high ? 

3. How many cords of wood 16 in. long can be 
placed crosswise in a wagon bed 10 ft. long, 3 ft. wide 
and 14 in. deep? 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



4. If a cord ot wood lasts a family 4 weeks, a rick 
4 ft. high must be how long to last the family a year ? 



ESTIMATING COAL 

35 cu. ft. of Kentucky's best grade coal makes a ton. 

1. How many bushels of coal in a wagon-bed 9 ft. 
long, 3 ft. wide, and 15 in. deep? 

2. How many tons of coal will a coal-shed 12 ft. 
long, 8 ft. wide, and 7 ft. high hold ? 

3. Measure the thickness of a vein of coal in your 
neighborhood and estimate the number of tons under an 
acre of land. What is it worth at loc per ton? 

4. How many tons of coal can be placed in a car 36 
feet long, 8 feet wide, and 5 feet deep? 



PRODUCE, GRAIN AND STOCK MARKET 



PRODUCE AND GRAIN MARKET 
July 22, 1912 



Name of Article 



Butter, per lb 

Eggs, per doz 

Hens, per lb 

Hogs, per cwt 

Steers— fat, per cwt. . . . 
— feeders, per cwt. 

Yearlings, per cwt 

Heifers, per cwt 

Cows, per cwt 

Wheat, per bu 

Oats, per bu 

Corn, per bu 



I^ocal I City 



Market 
Price 



3Iarket 
Price 



PRODUCE 19 

The teacher should assist and encourage the students 
of Ills school in making a weekly produce and grain chart 
of the local and city market price of all the farm products 
of his school district. Any good daily or weekly paper will 
give the city market prices, while the county paper will 
give the local or home prices. 

This chart should be tacked on the wall of the school 
room in a place where all the students can read it. Once 
a week a new one should be made, the students reporting 
the market prices. 

The child who grows up to be a farmer, not accustomed 
to read and study the markets, will never be in a position to 
command the highest prices for his products. He must 
know the markets to know how to buy and sell intelligently. 



PRODUCE 

1. Find the amount of: 

3 dozen eggs @ 18c 

5 pounds of butter @ 20c 
10 pounds of honey @ i2^c 

2. Find sum due a lady who 
Sells: 

6 dozen eggs @ 1 2c 
30 pounds of chickens @ 8c 
35 pounds of dried fruit @ 4/^c 

Buys: 

3 pounds of coffee @ 20c 

1 gallon of syrup @ 60c 

2 galhjns of oil @ 15c 
8 pounds of rice @ 6c 

10 yards of gingham ^ S'.^c 

3. Keep count of the eggs laid each month and 
their value at store prices. Keep count of the j)ounds of 



20 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

butter made each month and its value at store prices. 

4. Keep an accurate account of all your family 
expenditures and receipts. At the end of each month see 
which is the larger. 

LIQUID MEASURE 

231 cu. in. make a gallon. 

1. Make a box whose inside measurements are 11 
inches by 7 inches by 3 inches. Fill the box level full of 
sand then pour into a pail and mark the depth of the sand. 
This may be used as a gallon measure. 

2. Using your marked bucket as a measure, find the 
capacity of several different buckets. 

SOIL EROSION 

1. Ordinary sand stone will hold 1-20 of its bulk ol 
water. How many gallons of water is in a bed of sand 
stone underlying a 5 acre field, if it is 10 feet thick and 
soaked with water ? 

2. After a heavy summer rain the water of a small 
stream contained one pound of sediment for every 500 
gallons of water. If the rainfall was one inch and the area 
of the basin drained was 4 square miles and the amount 
of water that ran off was }^ of all that fell, how much soil 
did the rain carry away ? 

3. After a heavy rain the water of a small stream that 
drained a meadow contained one pound of sediment for 
every 2,000 gallons of water. If the rainfall was 2 inches, 
and }( of all the water that fell ran off, how much soil 
was carried away from a 40 acre meadow ? 

4. If the water running from a corned piece of land 
contained one pound of sediment for every 250 gallons of 
water, how much soil was carried away from a 40 acre 
cornfield after a two inch rain, ^ of the water running off.'' 



LAND MEASURE 21 

LAND MEASURE 

1. Measure a rod on the school yard and mark with 
two firmly set stones or stakes. 

2. Give the class a drill in judging a rod. 

3. INIeasure a mile on the road passing the school 
house and set up a mile post. Encourage the students to 
set up mile posts on all the roads in the community. 

4. Lay off 300 feet by accurate measurement; set up 
stakes at each end, have the older students to walk this 
distance several times, noting the number of steps required 
each time. From this determine the length in inches of 
the step of each student. 

5. Ask the students to count the steps in walking a 
mile and approximate the number of yards to the mile. 

6. Lay off a square rod on the school yard and mark 
with four firmly set stakes. 

7. By stepping, approximate a mile. How far it is 
from your home to your nearest neighbor's? 

A rectangular field is one 



A>e* = length, ti'mt) wid^^ 
Ungrtk 



bounded by four straight 
lines, having four square 
corners. An acre contains 
160 square rods. 

8. Lay off an acre of land 
in the form of a rectangle 
near your school house and mark with stakes. 

9. How many acres in a rectangular field 80 rods 
long and 60 rods wide 'i 

10. What must be the width of a rectangular field 
80 rods long to contain 25 acres? 

A triangular field is one bounded by three straight 
lines. 



22 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 




The altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular distance 

between the base of the tri- 
angle and the highest point 
opposite it. 

Lines are perpendicular 
( I )to each other whenever 
they meet forming a square 
corner. 

To measure the altitude of 
a triangular field, measure the 
perpendicular distance from 
one corner of the field to the opposite side. 

11. How many acres in a triangular field the longest 
side of which is 60 rods, and the altitude from the oppo- 
site corner to this side is 35 rods .'' 

To measure a field in the shape of a triangle, measure 
the distance of the longest side in rods, to this side from 
the opposite corner measure the perpendicular distance 
(the altitude) and multiply the longest side in rods by the 
altitude in rods, take y^, of the product, and divide by 160 
to find the number bf acres. 

12. Stake off a small triangular field, measure the 
longest side and the altitude from the corner opposite this 
side and estimate the number of acres, first by stepping; 
then by measuring. 

13. Select a triangular field near the school house, 
measure it and estimate the number of acres it contains. 

14. A farmer has two rectangular pieces of land to 
fence, one is 40 rods long and 40 rods wide; the other 80 
rods long and 20 rods wide. How much will it cost to 
fence each at .25c per rod ? Which field is the larger.? 

To measure the acres in an irregular, four-sided field 



SPRAYING ORCHARDS 



23 




measure the diagonal (tlie distance from one corner to the 

opposite corner,) also the alti- 
tude of each triangle from the 
opposite corner to the diagonal 
and multiply the diagonal in 
rods by ^ the sum of the alti- 
tudes, and divide by 160 to 
find the number of acres. 

15. Select an irregular four- 
sided field near tlie school 
house and estimate the num- 
ber of acres it contains. 

16. How many apple trees may be set on an acre of 
ground, if the trees are put 30 feet apart each way? 

Barbed wire is sold by the spool, the average size 
spool weighs 100 pounds. 

One pound of barbed wire averages i 2 feet in length. 
A pound of staples contains 100. 

17. How many spools of wire and pounds of staples 
must be bought for 80 rods of fence 3 wires high, the posts 
being i 2 feet apart .'' 

18. With wire at $3.00 per 100, staples at 4c per 
pound, estimate the cost of the wire and staples required 
to build three quarters of a mile of fence 4 wires high. 



SPRAYING ORCHARDS 

Blight, rot, and scab are fungus diseases of orchards 
which decrease the yield and quality of the fruit grown. 

I. In the spring of 19 10 The Kentucky E.xperiment 
Station took for a subject for demonstration an orchard in 
Hardin Co. which had never been sprayed. A single row 
of trees extending through the orchard was sprayed twice 
with Bordeau.x mixture; once immediately following the 
blooming period, and again twelve days later. fTne sprayed 



24 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

Maiden Blush tree yielded 7 bushels of apples, 4^ bushels of 
which graded 'firsts,' the remainder 'seconds.' One un- 
sprayed tree of the same variety in the next row yielded 4 
bushels of apples, ^ bushel of which graded 'first.' When 
'firsts' were selling at 80c per bushel and 'seconds' at 40c, 
what is the difference in the market value of the fruit grown 
on each tree ? 

2. Counting the yield and the quality of the fruit in 
the above the average for sprayed and unsprayed trees, 
what will be the difference in yield in two orchards of 150 
trees each, one sprayed twice, the other unsprayed ? What 
will be the difference in their value, 'firsts' selling at 50c 
per bushel, 'seconds' at 25c per bushel ? 

The mixture used by the Kentucky Experiment Station 
consisted of 4 pounds of lime, 4 pounds of bluestone and 
3 pounds of arsenate of lead paste to 50 gallons of water. 

3. Lime at ic per pound, bluestone at loc per pound 
and arsenate of lead paste at 20c per pound, averaging two 
gallons of the mixture to a tree for a single spray, what 
would be the cost of spraying 100 apple trees twice? 

4. If the apple orchard mentioned in problem i con- 
sisted of ten acres, with the trees set in rows 30 feet apart, 
the trees in the row the same distance apart, what would 
be the cost of the material for spraying the orchard twice? 
What would be the worth of the increased yield when apples 
of the first grade sold for 60c per bu., second grade at 30c 
per bushel ? 

5. What would be the cost of the material required 
to spray an orchard of 50 trees twice ? 



MILL PROBLEMS 

One bushel, 60 pounds, of average wheat makes 40 
pounds of the best grade flour. As a rule, millers take as 



MILL PROBLEMS 25 

toll 1-8 of the flour with the screenings and bran. 

1. How many bushels of wheat will it take to make 
100 pounds of the best grade flour ? 

2. How many bushels of flour of the best grade 
should a farmer get in exchange for 8 bushels of good wheat? 

3. Which is the cheaper, for a farmer to sell his 
wheat at $1 per bu. and buy his flour at $2. 75 per hundred, 
or exchange his wheat for flour, receiving 34 pounds to 
the bushel ? 

Roller mills usually double clean and bolt corn meal. 
One bushel, 56 pounds, of good corn makes 48 pounds of 
meal. They usually take as toll about 1-5 of the corn or 
give from 38 to 40 pounds of meal to the bushel. 

4. How many pounds of bolted meal will 5 bushels 
of corn make .'' 

5. When a miller gives 38 pounds of meal in 
exchange for a bushel of corn, how many pounds should a 
man receive for 2 ^2 bushels of corn ? 

6. When a miller gives 40 pounds of meal in ex- 
change for a bushel of corn, how many bushels of corn 
must be taken to mill to exchange for 140 pounds of meal ? 

7. Which is the cheaper, for a farmer to sell his corn 
for 75c per bu., and buy meal at 40c for 25 pounds, or ex- 
change his corn for meal, receiving 38 pounds to the bushel? 

The grist mill grinds without bolting. 
A bushel of corn makes 55 pounds of meal, from 1-6 
to 1-8 is taken as toll. 

8. A grist mill that takes ^ as toll gives a custom- 
er how many pounds of meal in exchange for i^ bushels 
of corn ? 

9. How much corn must a man take to a grist mill 
that takes 1-6 for grinding, so that he may have 65 pounds 
of meal ? 



26 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 




TRAINING FOR THE HEAD AND THE HAND 

1. This seventh grade boy made these articles in his 
first 36, one hour lessons in woodwork. He sold the hat 
rack for $1.00, book shelf for 50 cts., checkerboard for 25 
cts., two picture frames for, 2 5 cts. each, foot stool for 50 
cts., two coat hooks for 20 cts. each, handkerchief box for 
30 cts., singletree for 10 cts., and two hammer handles for 
10 cts. each. How much did he earn while reciting his 36 
lessons? 

2. This boy working at odd times during a six 
months school made a bookcase for which he received $15. 
How much did he earn each month while learning Geog- 
raphy, History, Grammar and Arithmetic? 

3. Estimating the value of training a boy how to 



CARELF.SSNKSS AND WASTE 



27 



handle and care for tools at 10 cts. for each work day he 
lives, what is this training worth to a man in the course of 
40 years? 

4. It is estimated by a teacher of carpentry that the 
boy witliout training in using tools wastes 2 inches on the 
length of a board for each cut he makes with the saw. 
Estimate the loss on 100 cuts of six inch lumber selling at 
$3.00 per hundred. 

IDLENESS AND CARELESSNESS 

1. How much does a man lose who idles away 140 
work days each year, when wages are 75c a day with board ? 

2. In a family of five children of school age only 
one attends school regularly. How much of the state's 
school fund does the family lose when the state pays $4.40 
a year for the education of each child .'' 




CARKI.ESSNESS AND WASTE OF MACHINERV 



28 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

3. Two classmates in a country school leave the 
district school, one to work for 75c a day with board; the 
other borrows $250 and goes away three years to a trade 
school and learns a trade which pays him $1.75 a day with 
board. Counting each able to average 285 work days a 
year, which will have earned the most at the end of ten 
years from the time they leave the district school ? 

4. A self-binder that sold for $125 was left out in 
the weather by a hardware merchant for a period of 2 
years, and then sold for I50. What did his carelessness 
cost him ? 

5. A farm wagon with ordinary usage kept under 
shelter when not in use will last about 1 5 years. When 
not sheltered it will last about one-half as long. What is 
the average loss per year on a $65 wagon that stands out 
ia the weather ? 

6. If a hired hand while cultivating young corn 
covers up ten hills to the acre, what is the value of the 
corn destroyed, counting two ears to the hill, and 100 ears 
to the bushel, at 60c per bushel ? 

7. If the hired hand cultivates 3^ acres per day, 
what is the actual cost to the farmer for a day's work when 
the hired help is paid 75 cents per day? 

8. Read in some good book for 30 minutes and 
count the words read. How many is this per hour ? 

9. Counting 400 pages an average sized book with 
400 words to the page, how many good books could you 
read each year at your present rate of reading by reading 
one hour each day? 

ID. How many books have you read? Counting 400 
pages to the book, how many hours have you spent read- 
ing good books? 



THE VALUft OF BIRDS TO FARMERS 2g 

EDUCATED LABOR 

A business man who studied the productive power of 
intelligent labor in New York reports that the man with a 
common school education is able to produce i^ times as 
much wealth as the illiterate man, the high school man 2 
times as much, and the college man 4 times as much. 

1. The farm hand who is scarcely able to read and 
write is able to earn |i6 a month. If he had a common 
school education he should earn how much more in a period 
of 30 years ? 

2. If a laborer who signs his name with a "mark" is 
able to accumulate $3000 in 20 years, with a common 
school education he should have accumulated how much 
in the same time ? 

3. If a farmer by reading farm papers and books on 
farming 30 minutes each day can grow two bushels more 
grain per acre, at the present price of corn, wheat, and oats, 
how much does he realize on his reading in growing 20 
acres of corn, 10 acres of oats and 20 acres of wheat? 
Counting 10 hours a day's work what does he receive for a 
day's reading ? 



THE VALUE OF BIRDS TO FARMERS 

Mr. Beal, of the U. S. Biological Survey, once estima- 
ted that the tree sparrow in a single season in the state of 
Iowa ate 1,750,000 pounds of weed seed. 

I. Counting that 15 pounds of weed seed will sow an 
acre, how many acres of weeds would the seed eaten by 
the tree sparrow in Iowa alone have sown.^ Paying 65c an 
acre for cutting, raking and burning the weeds, what would 
it have cost the farmers of Iowa to destroy the weeds? 

Mr. Chester A. Reed, of Mass., estimates that on an 



30 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

average each bird will eat daily for about 5 months in the 
year, from May to September inclusive, 100 harmful insects. 
He also estimates 120,000 insects to the bushel. 

2. Counting 5 insect eating birds to the acre, how- 
many bushels of insects will the birds on an average sized 
farm in your community destroy during 5 months ? 

3. How many cut worms, grubs and harmful insects 
will a flock of 50 birds that follow the plow daily for two 
weeks destroy ? 

4. If two out of every 100 insects and worms de- 
stroyed are either cut worms or grubs (these are the de- 
stroyers of young corn) and counting a grub-worm and 
cut-worm each to destroy on an average 3 corn plants; 
what are the 50 birds following the plow for two weeks 
worth, when corn is 50c per bushel, counting one good 
ear to each plant destroyed ? 

5. If a quail eats in the course of a year as much as 
25c worth of grain and destroyes $5 worth of harmful in- 
sects and weed seed, counting that a pair of quails raise a 
brood of twelve each year, how much has a farmer injured 
himself by killing three pairs? 



WHAT IT COSTS TO GROW CORN 

I. Estimate the cost of growing a 15 acre field ot 
corn when, 

(i) A man with a two-horse plow can break i^ acres 
a day, 

(2) A man with a one-horse plow can lay off 8 acres 
a day, 

(3) A man and double shovel can cultivate 4 acres a 
day, 

(4) A man can plant 8 acres a day, (5) A man 
can hoe i acre a day. 



ESTIMATING CROPS IN THE BULK 3 I 

(6) The corn to be cultivated three times, 

(7) The corn to be hoed two times, (8) A man 
with team and wagon with two helpers can gath- 
er three acres a day, 

(9) Man and team to be paid $2.00 a day and given 
two meals, 

(10) Man and horse to be paid $1.00 a day and giv- 
en two meals, 

(11) Man working alone to be paid 75 cents a day 
and given two meals, 

(12) Meals for man counted at 15 cents, for horse loc, 

2. Counting 25 bushels per acre, what was the cost 
per bushel to grow corn in problem i ? 

3. At the present price of corn, which is the better 
for the renter; to give the third or pay $2.00 cash per acre 
and take all the corn ? 

4. The conditions stated above hold for a county 
whose corn crop averaged 17^2 bushels per acre for the 
year 191X. What was the average cost of growing each 
bushel of corn ? 



ESTIMATING CROPS IN THE BULK 



Corn 



Approximately s}i ^u- ft. oi corn in the husk makes a 
bushel. 

The capacity of a crib in bushels equals the product 
of tlie length, width and depth in feet divided by 3i/(. 

1. How many bushels of corn in the husk in a crib 
12 ft. long, 8 ft. wide and 7 ft. high ? 

2. How many bushels in the husk will a rail pen 7^ 
ft. in tlie clear and 9 ft. high hold .-' 



32 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

3. Measure the crib at home and estimate how many 
bushels it will hold. How many bushels in it now ? 

4. Measure the wagon box at home and estimate the 
number of bushels it will hold. 

5. How high must a crib 10 ft. long, 8 ft. wide be 
built to hold 150 bu. ? 

To find the number of bushels of corn in the husk in 
a round pile, square ^ the distance across the pile in feet 
and multiply by 3 1-7, then by ^ the height of the pile in 
feet and divide by ^}(. 

6. How many bushels of corn in the husk in a round 
pile 12 ft. across, tapering to a point 6 ft. high in the mid- 
dle? 

Approximately 2^ cu. ft. of corn on the cob makes a 
bushel. The capacity of a crib of corn on the cob equals 
the product of the width by the length by the depth in feet 
divided by 2^. 

7. How many bushels of ear corn will a wagon bed 
hold, that is 10 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 26 in. deep .^ 

8. How many bushels of corn in the husk will the 
crib at home hold ? On the cob ? 

2150.4 cu. in. makes a bushel of shelled corn. 

9. How many bushels of shelled corn will your 
father's wagon box hold ? 



Hay 

A ton of packed timothy hay is about 512 cu. ft.; of 
clover hay 450 cu. ft. 

The capacity of a hay loft in tons equals the product 
of the length, width, and height in feet, divided by 
512 for timothy; 450 for clover. 

I. How many tons of timothy hay in a loft 30 ft. 
long, 24 ft. wide, with an average depth of 7 ft.? 



MEASURING HAY IN THK STACK 



33 



2. Measure and estimate the number ot tons of tim- 
othy hay that your barn will hold. 

3. How many tons of clover hay can be stored in a 
place 15 ft. long, 12 ft. wide and 6 ft. deep. 

To approximate the number of tons in a stack, square 
^ of the distance around the stack, measured at a point 
half way from the ground to the top, and multiply this by 
the height of the stack in feet, and divide by 512 if tim- 
othy hay or any other coarse hay; by 350 if prairie or any 
other fine, clean hay. 

4. Measure a number of hay stacks in the neighbor- 
hood and approximate the number of tons in each stack. 

5. Measure one of your father's or neighbor's hay- 
stacks and estimate its worth at the local price of hay. 

6. Measure one of your father's haystacks and esti- 
mate how many days it will feed a cow, when fed 84 lbs. 
a week. 



Apples and Potatoes 

Apples and potatoes are measured by heaped bushels 
(2,747.7 cu. in.) but for practical purposes it is sufficient- 
ly accurate to take i 3-5 cu. ft. as a bushel. 





stricken Measure 



Heaped Measure 



34 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



1. How many bushels of potatoes in a wagon bed lo 
ft. long, 3 ft. wide and i6 in. deep .'' 

2. How many bushels of apples can you put in a 
box 4 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep.? 

To find the number of bushels in a round pile of 
apples, potatoes, etc., square y^ the distance across the 
pile in feet, multiply by 3 1-7, then by ^ the height of 
the pile in feet and take y% of the product. 

3. When potatoes are selling at 50c per bushel, what 
is tlie value of a round pile 10 feet across and tapering to 
a point 5 feet from the ground 1 

4. How many bushels of apples in a round pile 12 
feet across and tapering to a point 6 feet high from the 
ground } 

5. INIeasure and estimate the bushels of apples, pota- 
toes, turnips, etc., holed up at home. 

6. How many bushels will a wagon bed 10 feet long, 
3 feet wide and 2 feet deep hold.? 



TAX UPON THE SOIL BY DIFFERENT CROPS 

Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and Potash are plant foods 
contained in the soil. They are extracted from the soil in 
different proportions by different crops. Clover, cow peas, 
and a few other crops draw their nitrogen from the air and 
save the soil that much. 

The following table will give some idea of crop re- 
quirements per acre : 



Crops 


Straw 


Grain 


Nitrogen 


Phos. 
acid 


Potash 


Corn 

Wheat 

Oats 

Potatoes 

Clover 

Peas 


5000 
1500-3000 
1600-3200 

2000-4000 


35 bu. 

15-30 

50-60 

100-200 

30 


72 lbs. 
31-62 
35-70 
16-32 


28 lbs. 

10-20 

11-22 

10-20 

9-18 

18 


82 lbs. 
10-20 

25-50 

31-62 

44-88 

22 









TAX UPON THK SOIL 35 

1. How many pounds of plant loot! are required 
to grow i8 acres of corn, averaging 35 bushels per acre? 

2. How many pounds of plant food are required to 
grow 18 acres of clover, averaging 2 tons per acre ? 

3. What is the tax upon the soil in growing a 50 
acre field of wheat, averaging 15 bushels per acre? 30 
bushels i)er acre? 

4. What is the value of the plant food removed from 
the soil ill growing 35 bushels of corn, nitrogen being quo- 
ted in tin' market at 22c a pound, Phosphoric acid 5c and 
Potasli Gl ? 

5 A father tells his son that he may have all the 
wlieat he can grow on a 10 acre field if he will pay, at 
commercial prices, (see problem 4) for the plant food re- 
moved from the soil; if the son grows 15 bu. per acre, 
how much does he owe his father ? 



THE COST OF RESTORING PLANT FOOD TO THE 

SOIL 

Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid, and Potash may be returned 
to the soil by means of commercial fertilizer, straw, and 
manures. 

This table gives some idea of how plant food may be 
returned to the soil, and what it is worth per ton at com- 
mercial prices. 

Nitrogen 22c per pound; Potash 6c; and Phosphoric 
acid 5c. 

Students should complete the table with values based 
on commercial prices, and make a duplicate copy on a 
large piece of pasteboard and give to their parents for 
inspection and for future reference. 



36 



RURAL ARITHMETKi 



NAME OF 
MATERIAl, 


1,BS. PER TON 


MARKET VAI^UE PER TON 




Nitro- 
gen 


Phos. 
acid 


Potash 


Nitro- 
gen 


Phos. 
acid 


Potash 


Total 
Value 


Fresh farm 
Manure 
Barn yard 
Manure 
Corn fodder 
Oat straw 
Wheat straw 
Clover haj 
Cow peas 
R ed clover 

in flower 
Red clover 

Ripe 
Average 

Complete 
Commercial 

Fertilizer 


lo 

lO 
12 
12 
lO 
40 
43 

40 

25 

33 


5 

5 
9 
6 

5 
13 
13 

12 
9 

33 


10 

10 

39 

33 

30 

33 

37 
20 

33 


$2.20 


$ .25 


^ .60 


$3-05 



1. What is the loss in plant food to a farmer who 
burns a straw stack weighing 20 tons ? 

2. How much plant food does a farmer sell when 
selling the fodder off a 10 acre field averaging 35 bushels 
per acre ? 

3. What is the value of the plant food returned to 
the soil when 25 acres of clover, averaging i}( tons per 
acre, is plowed under? 

4. How does the value of a ton of fresh farm ma- 
nure compare with a ton of cow peas plowed under for 
fertilizer ? 

5. How does a ton of barnyard manure compare 
with a ton of wheat straw in soil fertility? 

A ton of fresh manure shrinks in weight | during the 
first six months when exposed to the weather. 

6. What is the loss on 10 tons of piled manure ex- 
posed 6 or more months ? Make an estimate on commer- 
cial value of plant food given in table. 



RESTORING PLANT FOOD TO THF. SOIL 37 

7. What is the value of the plant food in the corn 
stalks of an acre when the stalks weigh 3500 pounds ? 

8. It is estimated that a 1000 pound steer during the 
process of fattening makes i}i tons of manure per month. 
What is the value of the manure from a herd of 20 for three 
months ? 

9. Which brand of fertilizer should a man buy to get 
the most for his money: one which analyzes 33 pounds of 
nitrogen, 160 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 14 pounds 
of potash to the ton and sells for $32.00, or one which 
analyzes 20 pounds of nitrogen, 120 pounds of phosphoric 
acid, and 80 pounds of potash, and sells for $24.00 per ton ? 

ID. How much does a farmer receive for the fodder on 
an acre of checked corn at 20c a shock, the shocks being 
16 hills square ? 

11. Find in dollars and cents the fertilizing value of 
a ton of corn fodder. 

12. Counting 2 tons the average amount of corn 
fodder per acre, what is the fertilizing value of the stalks 
on a 20 acre field? How much is the self robbery to the 
farmer who would burn the stalks on this corn field ? 

13. What is the fertilizing value of a ton of commer- 
cial fertilizer that contains t^-^ pounds of nitrogen, 180 
pounds of phosphoric acid, and 140 pounds of potash ? 

14. What is the difference in the fertilizing value of 
a ton of commercial fertilizer that analyzes 66 pounds of 
nitrogen, 160 pounds of phosphoric acid, 80 pounds of 
potash, and one that analyzes 20 pounds of nitrogen, 220 
pounds of phosphoric acid, and 30 pounils of potash ? 



CROP ROTATION 

I. Which would be the better; to corn a 35 acre field 
5 years straight with an average yield of 20 bushels, corn 
at 60C, or to put it in corn the first year with a yield of 25 



38 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

bushels per acre at 60c per bushel; the second year in 
wheat 15 bushels per acre at 95c per bushel; the third 
year in clover, the first crop averaging i ton per acre at 
$10 per ton with the second crop used as pasture and turn- 
ed under for plant iood; the fourth year to wheat averag- 
ing 20 bushels at 95c per bushel; the fifth year to corn 
averaging 50 bushels at 60c? 

2. Why should crops rotate ? 

3. Why should clover or cow peas be sown every 
few years ? 

4. Explain the following crop rotations: 

Corn, oats, wheat, clover. 

Corn, wheat, clover. 

Corn, oats, wheat, grass. 

Corn, oats, rye, grass. 



SELECTING SEED CORN 

I. In Homes county, Mississippi, in 1909 the mem- 
bers of the boys corn club grew corn averaging 76 bushels 
per acre. The corn grown by their fathers and neighbors 
averaged 16 bushels per acre. When corn was selling at 
50c per bushel, how much smarter to the acre were the 
boys than their neighbors? 

What The Boys Know About Selecting Their Seed 

1. The ear should be selected in the fall from the 
stalk. 

2. The ear should be firm. 

3. The ear should be cylindrical in shape. 

4. The ratio of the circumference to the length 
about 3 to 4. 

5. The butt should be rounded out around a cup- 
shaped cavity. 



SELECTING SEED CORN 



39 



6. The shank should be medium size. 

7. The tip should be filled out with deep kernels in 
as regular rows as possible. 

8. The kernel should be uniform in size and shape, 
but not pointed. 




9. The lurrows between the rows should be narrow 
with kernels fitting closely together at the top. 

10. At least 4-5 of the weight should be corn. From 
80 to 100 average ears should weigh 70 pounds. 



1. How many hills of corn are planted to the acre 
when the rows are 3 feet 6 inches apart, the hills in the 
row being the same distance apart ? 

2. How many stalks to the acre with an average of 
two to the hill ? Three to the hill ? 



4° 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



3. Seed corn will average 800 grains to the ear. 
How many ears will it take to plant an acre, when the 
rows are 3 feet 6 inches apart, the hills in the rows the 
same distance apart, planting two grains to the hill? 
Planting three grains to the hill ? 

4. What is the average yield per acre in your neigh- 
borhood ? County ? 

5. Averaging one ear to the hill, such that 100 ears 
make a bushel, what would be the yield per acre? 

6. Which will produce the greater yield per acre, two 
ears to the hill, such that 100 make a bushel, or three 
ears to the hill such that it takes 190 ears to make a bushel ? 

7. If the farmer can increase the weight of each ear 
of corn two ounces by proper selection of seed in the fall, 
what will the increase amount to on a 30 acre field averag- 
ing 6,480 stalks per acie, with one ear for each stalk, corn 
selling at 50c per bushel ? 

8. When corn sells at 50c per bushel, what is the 
loss to a farmer tor each bad ear of seed planted, counting 
800 grains of corn to the ear, each grain planted averaging 
one good ear, such that 100 make a bushel ? 

9. If 12 ears of properly selected seed corn will 
plant an acre, how many ears will it take for a rectangular 
field 64 rods by 30 rods ? 

ID. A farmer spends two days in selecting seed corn 
for a five acre field. If the increase in yield is five 
bushels per acre, what wages does he make at the present 
price of corn ? 

Corn shrinks about 1-5 of its entire weight during the 
first 6 months following gathering time. 

II. 1,200 bushels of corn at gathering time should 
weigh approximately how many the first of the following 
May? 



TESTING SEF.n CORN 



41 



12. A man is oflfered 50c a bushel at gathering time. 
He holds it six months and sells at 60c a bushel; how 
much does he gain or lose by holding a crop of 600 bushels ? 

13. A man is offered at gathering time 60c per 
bushel. How much must he receive per bushel to neither 
lose nor gain by selling in the spring ? 



TESTING SEED CORN 

Corn selected for seed should be tested before planting. 
This can be done by making a box 36 by 40 inches, and 
two or three inches deep. Fill the box about half full of 
moist dirt, sand or sawdust. Press it down so that it will 
have a smooth even surface. 




TESTING SEED CORN FOR TEN ACRE.S 

Take a white cloth about the size of the box, rule it 
off into squares two or three inches each way, number them 
I, 2, 3, 4, etc., and place it in the box upon the sand. 
Take flour sacks, pad them with an inch or two of moist 
sand or sawdust. 

Carefully remove five or six grains from each ear, place 
them in the numbered squares corresponding to the num- 



42 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



iNQ Sceo Cont^ ^^^^ o" the ears, and cover with 

AFTBR T.LA/,T,N5. ^jjg flQuj. g^ck pad. Placc the 

box in a warm place where it 
will not chill. Keep the pad 
well dampened and warm, and 
in five or six days remove the 
'i pads carefully. Select for seed 
those ears whose grains have 
both sprouts and rootlets. 

I. When corn is selling at 
:tron botk 75^ a bushel, what is a farmer's 
^VoltleU ^^^^ ^y planting one bad ear of 
seed corn ? 

2. When corn is selling at 6oc a bushel, what is the 
loss to a neighborhood by planting 50 bad ears of seed 
corn ? 

3. A farmer by planting only tested corn may depend 
upon an increase of 5 bushels per acre. If your father 
did not test liis seed last spring estimate his loss at the 
present price of corn. 

4. The children of the public schools can do all the 
testing for their own district. Find out how many acres of 
corn were planted in your district last year ; and estimate 
at the present price of corn liow much your school could 
have earned for your neighborhood by testing their seed 
corn. 




FEED PROBLEMS 

70 pounds of husked corn make a bushel. 

Weigh 70 pounds of average ears and count the num- 
ber in a bushel. Good corn should not average more than 
100 ears to the bushel. 



FEED PROBLEMS 43 

1. What is the cost of feeding a work team during 
January, 20 ears of corn at a feed (100 ears to the bushel) 
at 75c a bushel and ^2 pounds of timothy hay daily at $12 
per ton ? 

2. At the present price of corn and fodder what does 
It cost your father to keep a team of work horses during 
December ? 

3. What is the cost of feeding a milch cow during 
January, 10 pounds of shipped feed daily at $1.40 per 
hundred, 4 pounds of cotton seed meal at $2.00 per hun- 
dred, and 12 pounds of clover hay at $15 per ton ? 

4. If the cow in problem 3 gives 2 gallons of milk 
daily, does she pay for her feed wlien milk sells for 6c per 
quart ? 

5. Ask each student to keep an itemized account of 
the feed fed to at least one cow and one horse during one 
feed month. Estimate the cost of the feed at local prices. 

Every 100 pounds of rich milk contains from 2 to 6 
pounds of butter. 8)j pounds of milk to the gallon is 
considered accurate enough for practical purposes. 

6. A jersey cow that gives i v^ gal. of milk at a milk- 
ing gives how many pounds of milk during tlie year.' If 
^f/c of her milk is butter how many pounds of butter does 
she produce in a year ? 

7. A cow giving 2)4 gal. of milk daily tests 4)4% 
of butter. Her owner is offered 25c per pound for the 
butter and loc per gal. for the skimmed milk, or 6c per 
quart for the fresh milk; which is the better proposition .' 

8. A cow when fed i bu. of corn and i shock of 
fodder every 5 days gave i gal. i pint of milk a day; when 
fed each day 8 pounds of corn and 3 pounds of oats crushed 
together and 15 pounds of clover hay, gave 3 gallons a day. 
If the cow's milk weighs Sj^ pounds to the gallon and 
tests 49( butter (4 pounds of butter for each 100 pounds of 



44 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

milk) how much butter will she produce in 90 days when fed 
on corn and fodder ? How much when fed on good rations 
for a dairy cow ? 

9. At present prices of feed, what is the difference in 
cost of the two methods of feeding for the period of 90 
days ? What is the difference in the butter produced in the 
the same period at market price? 



MEAT PROBLEMS 

Butchers count on a loss in butchering hogs of 25 
pounds on the first 100 pounds, 15 on the second, and 10 on 
each additional hundred. Country cured meat shrinks 1-3 
of its weight. Packing houses employ methods of curing 
meat with practically no shrinkage. 

1. What is the waste in butchering a hog weighing 
350 pounds ? 

2. A farmer butchered a hog weighing 283 pounds 
and cut it up as follows: 

Head, 20 lbs. Lard and sausage, 63 lbs. 

Backbone, 135^ lbs. 2 hams, each 37^ lbs. 

Spare ribs 8 lbs. 2 shoulders each 37^ lbs. 

Feet & Hocks, 6}4 lbs. 2 sides each 43^ lbs. 

Which would have been the more profitable, to have 
sold the hog on foot at the market price, 6c per pound, 
or to salt and smoke the saleable meat and sell at the 
local price of country cured meat ? 

3. Which is better for a farmer to sell tresh meat as 
follows: 

4 hams averaging 32 pounds at loc 

4 shoulders averaging 27 pounds at loc 

4 sides averaging 28 pounds at loc; 

or 
To country cure and sell the hams and shoulders at 



COST OF BAD ROADS 



45 



15c per lb. and the sides at i2^<c per pound? 

4. A butcher pays 5c a pound for a hog weighing 
139 pounds. Butchered it cut up into 48 pounds of cut- 
ting meat, selling at I2}4c per pound; 9 pounds of bacon, 
selling at loc a pound; 30 pounds of lard at loc; 2^ 
pounds of ribs at i2^c; 12 pounds of head at 6c. How 
much does the butcher make? 

5. At butchering time a farmer can sell his hams at 
9c per pound. If 1-3 is lost in curing meat, what price 
should he receive for the meat when cured that he may 
neither lose nor gain ? 



THE COST OF BAD ROADS AND WHO PAYS IT 

I. A town is 55 miles from the nearest railroad point. 
The roads are such that the average load hauled is 1600 




\VH1;N an l^Ml'TY WAGON IS A L,OAU. 



46 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



pounds. The average time required for a roundtrip is 8 
days. The price for drayage from town to railroad point 




THIS HILL MARKS THE FREIGHT ON THIS ROAD TWO CENTS PER MILE 
FOR EACH HUNDRED POUNDS 



COST OK HAD ROADS 47 

is $1. per hundred, from railroad to town is $1.50. How 
much does the freighter receive lor a round trip when loaded 
each way? How mucli per day ? 

2. If the road was piked the round trip could be made 
in 4 ilays, hauling 2500 pounds each way. If the freighter 
is to receive the same per day for his work as in problem i, 
what must be his average charge per hundred? 

3. Counting that 100 pounds of (lour will last a fam- 
ily of six for two montlis, eating white bread once a 
day, what will the freight amount to on the flour used by 
them in a year using white bread once a day; twice a day, 
paying freight rates in problem i ? 

4. How much would a good road save the family on 
flour alone, paying the freight rate in problem 2 ? 

5. If the freight to the above town is 4 16,000 pounds 
each year, what is the freightage at $1.25 per hundred; at 
60 cents per hundred? What is the saving in a year at the 
reduced rate due to good roads? 

6. How many years will it take the difference in 
freight rates in problem 5 to build 20 miles of piked road 
at $1000 per mile ? 

7. A hardware dealer estimates the life of a freight 
wagon at one year of continued service on the road de- 
scribed in problem i. If it takes 8 days for a round trip, 
liow many miles of service in a new wagon ? 

8. Counting 3 years the life time of a freight wagon 
on a piked road, when wagons sell at $60, what is the bad 
road tax paid by a freighter in the course of 6 years on the 
road in problem i ? 

9. A country store situated on a piked road pays i 
cent a mile for each hundred pounds of freight hauled from 
the railroad station: a county scat located on the same 



48 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



road 24 miles from the rail- 
road, 18 miles of which are 
not piked, pays 2 cents a 
mile for hauling each one 
hundred pounds of freight. 
What is the annual bad road 
tax paid by this county seat 
town upon 300,000 pounds 
of freight. 

10. It is estimated by 
good authority, that a certain 
county in Kentucky, which 
pays out annually $70,000 
for hauling its goods from 

On this Road Freight is one eeiil per " 

mile for each Hundred pounds. the railroad COuld SaVC at 

least $40,000 annually by having good roads. What is the 
average bad road tax upon each of the 17,789 farmers 
in the county ? 



1 


^Lt."' 


Cm^M 




m^ 





WEATHER-BOARDING 

Weather-boarding is sold by the width of the boards 
from which it is dressed. A board 6 inches wide dresses 
into weather-boarding ^j4 inches wide. A 5 inch board 
into 4j4 inch weather-boarding. In weather-boarding i 
inch is allowed for lap. To estimate a bill of weather- 
boarding, measure the surface in square feet, to this add 
its one-third if 6 inch weather-boarding; two-sevenths it 
5 inch. Ordinarily, no allowance is made for doors and 
windows. 

I. How many square feet on one side of your school 
house .'' How many square feet of 6 inch weather-boarding 
would it require ? How many feet of 5 inch weather- 
boarding ? 



MKATIIKK-MOAKDING 



49 



2. How many square 
feet of weather-boarding 
woukl it take for the 
school h(juse? 

3. I'aying 2 men $1.75 
each for putting on to- 
gether 600 square feet 
o f weather - boarding a 
clay, what would be the 
carpenter bill for weath- 
er-boarding the w li o 1 e 
house? The lumber bill 
with weather-boarding at 
$2.75 per hundred? The 

6' LUeaihey-hoardi^ ^ total ? 

^'/ieypo&ed.-rlajo ^i^ _^ Paying $1.50 for 

each 300 feet of weather-boarding placed on, with $2.50 
per hundred for weather-boarding and nails, what would 
it cost to weather-board a house the dimensions of your 
home? 

5. In 6 incli weather-boarding, how many inches are 
exposed to the weather? 

6. When a carpenter is estimating the number of feet 
of weather-boarding recjuired for a building, why does he 
add to the number of square feet to be covered its one-third 
when 6 inch weatlier-boarding is used? 




SHINGLING 

It recjuires 900 shingles that average 4 in. wide, laid 4 
in. to the weather, to cover 100 square feet; but to allow 
for waste, count 1,000 shingles for 100 square feet. 
There are 250 standard size shingles in a bunch, 



50 



RUKAL ARITHMETIC 



rrn IT 



4 bunches of shingles will cover 
loo square feet. 

A fractional part of a bunch 
can not be bought. 

Allow 6 pciunds of shingle nails 
for eacli thousand shingles. 

Carrying up and laying 6 
bunches (i, 500 shingles) is a day's 
work for the average carpenter. 

1. How many bunches of shingles averaging 4 in. 
wide and laid 4 in. to the weather will it take for the roof 
of the school house.? 

2. Paying the carpenter $2 a day, with shingles at 
$3 per 1,000, nails at 3c per pound, what will it cost to 
put a new roof on the school house.? 

3. Paying a carpenter $1.50 per day, with shingles at 
$3. 25 per 1,000, nails 4c per pound, what would it cost to 
put a new roof on your home.? 



METAL ROOFING 

Metal Roofing is bought by the square (100 sq. ft). 
Galvanized steel can be bought at from $2.50 to $4- 00 per 
square, 75c is the average charge for laying. Galvanized 
iron can be bought at $4 per square, 75c is the average 
charge for laying. Tin roofing can be bought at from $2 
to $6 per square, $1.50 is the average charge for laying. 

1. What would a galvanized steel roof, at $3.00 per 
square, at 75c per square for laying, cost for your school 
house? 

2. What would a tin roof, at $3. 50 per square, $1.50 
for laying, cost for your school house? 

3. Which would be the less expensive roof for your 



p^ 



K LOO KING 51 

scliool house, the galvanized steel roof at $3.50 per square, 
paying 75c per square for laying, or a shingle roof at $3.25 
per 1000, paying $1.00 for laying a square? 



FLOORING 



Aboard 2^ inches wide when tongued and grooved 
covers 2 inches of floor space; one 3 inches wide covers 2^ 
inches; one 4 inches wide covers 3^ inches. 

To estimate a bill of flooring or ceiling, measure the 
square feet of surface, to this add its one-fourth if 2j<^ inch 
flooring; one-fiftli if 3 inch flooring; tliree-thirteenths if 4 
inch flooring. 

1. How many square feet 
of floor in your school room? 
How many square feet of 
flooring 3^2 inches wide will 
it take? 4^ inches wide ? 

2. How many square feet 
of flooring zy-y inches wide 

will be required for a room 14 ft. by 16 ft.? 

3. With oak flooring 2 ^^ inches wide at $3.75 per 
hundred, what would it cost to floor your largest room 
at home? With pine flooring 2Vj inches wide at $2.00 
per hundred ? 

4. Estimate the number of feet of ceiling 4 inches 
wide it would take for your largest room at home ? How 
many 3 inches wide ? 

5. When a carpenter is estimating the number of feet 
of flooring 2^ inches wide required for a room, why does 
he add to the nuqdber of square feet to be floored its one- 
fourth? Why its one-fifth, if 3 inch flooring? 




52 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 




.^^^ 



ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF BRICKS FOR 
BUILDING FLUES 

Bricks are usually 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 
2 inches thick, and average in weight 5 pounds. 

A flue for one stove is 8 
inches in the clear. It takes 6 
bricks for the round and 4 
rounds to build a foot high. 

A flue for two stoves is 12 
inches by 8 inches in the clear. 
It takes 7 bricks for a round and 
4 rounds to build a foot higli. 

1. How many bricks will 
it take for a 10 foot flue for 
one stove? 

2. How many bricks will 
it take for a 14 foot flue for 
one stove? 

3. How many bricks can be placed in a wagon bed 
10 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 12 in. deep? What is the 
weight of the load? 

4. How many bricks will it take for a 22 foot flue 
for two stoves? 

5. With brick at |io per 1000, what will the brick 
cost for a flue 12 in. by 8 in. in the clear, 27 ft. high? 

6. How many trips must the wagon make to the 
brick yard to haul the brick in problem 5 ? 




PAINTING 

Allow I gallon of paint to every 250 square feet. 
I. How many gallons of paint would it take for one 
coat for the walls and ceiling of the school room? 



PAPERING 53 

3. What would it cost to give the outside of the 
school house two coats of paint, with paint at $1.90 per 
gallon ? 

1,000 sq. ft. is considered a fair day's work for a 
painter. 

3. Paying a painter $2.50 per day, with paint at 
$1.90 per gallon, what will be the cost of two coats of 
paint for the outside of your home ? 

4. Doing the work yourself, with paint at $1.60 per 
gallon, what will it cost to paint a lloor 16 feet by 14 feet ? 



PAPERING 



To estimate the rolls of paper required for the walls of 
a room, multiply the distance around the room in feet by 
the height in feet and divide by 72 if the rolls are double; 
by 36 if single. Deduct a double roll for each three open- 
ings. 

A fractional roll is counted a whole roll, as broken 
rolls are never sold. 

1. How many double rolls of paper would it take for 
the walls of your school room? For the ceiling? 

2. At 15c per double roll for walls and ceiling, and 
15c per roll for border, what would the paper for the school 
house cost? 

3. At 20c per double roll for walls and ceiling, and 
20c per double roll for border, what would the paper cost 
for your living room at home? 

4. How much will it cost to paper your dining room 
with paper at i8c per double roll, border at the same price, 
paying 20c per double roll for hanging? 

5. Bring to school the dimensions and number of 



54 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 



openings in two of your rooms at home, and estimate the 
cost of papering each, with paper and border at 20c per 
double roll, paying 20c per double roll for the hanging. 



CUTTING RAFTERS 

One-half the width of a house (the distance between 
the outside measurements of the wall plates) is called the 
run. 

The height of the rafters at their highest point above 
the wall plates is called the rise. 

A roof is one-half pitch when it is one foot high for 
every two feet in the width of the house. 

A roof is one-fourth pitch when it is one foot high for 
every four feet in the width of the house. 

A roof is one-third pitch when it is one foot high for 
every three feet in width of the house. 

A roof is two-third pitch when it is two feet high for 
every three feet in the width of the house. 

The parts of a square are the blade and the tongue. 
The blade is the broad and long part. The tongue is the 
narrow and short part. 



DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF A RAFTER 

To get the length of rafters, (i) Measure the width ot 
the house (distance between the outside measurements of 
the rafter plates), (2) Decide on the rise of the rafters, (3) 
Counting a foot an inch on the square, take one-half the 
widtli of the house on the blade, 



P-' °f ■ 




CUTTING RAKTERS 



55 



(4) Take the rise on tlie tongue, (5) Place the scjuare with 
these two points on a straight hne or the s-traight edge of 
a board and mark tlie points; tlien measure the distance 
between the points for tlie length of the rafters. 

Illustration: — A house 18 ft. wide is to have a roof 
one-third pitch, that is, the roof is to be one foot in height 
for every three feet in the width of the house. An inch on 
the square representing a foot, take on the blade of the 
stjuare one-liaI( the widili of the h(juse (9 in.), on the 
tongue take one-third the width of the house. 

Measure on a straight line the distance between 9 on 
the blade and 6 on the tongue, for the length of the rafter 
without a projection over the side of the house. 

1. What length must rafters, without a projection, be 
cut for a shed 12 ft. wide, the roof to be one-third pitcli? 

2. What lengtli must rafters, without a projection, be 
cut for a shed 12 ft. wide, the roof to be one-half pitch? 

3. What length must rafters, without a projection, be 
cut for a roof 9 ft. wide, the roof to be twO'third pitch? 

To cut a rafter pattern, witfiout a projection, out of a 
2 by 4 scantling. 

(i) Lay olT the length of the rafter on one of the 
straight edges of the 2 by 4, (2) Place the tongue of the 
square with the point of rise on the upper mark with the 
point of the run (on the blade) upon the same edge of the 




bomf of "/« 



56 



RUKAL ARITHMETIC 



scantling, (3^ Mark the position of the tongue of the 
square for the upper cut, (4.) Next place the point of the 
run (on the blade) on the lower point with the point of the 
rise (on the tongue) upon the same edge of the scantling, 
(5) Mark the position of the blade for the lower cut. 

Cutting a rafter pattern with a projection for eaves, 
from a 2 by 4 scantling. 




1. Draw a straight line along the middle of the broad 
side of a 2 by 4. 

2. On this line lay off the length of the rafter without 
the projection. 

3. Place the tongue of the square with the point of 
rise on the upper mark, with the point of the run (on 
the blade) upon the line. 

4. Mark the position of the tongue of the square for 
the upper cut. 

5. Next place the point of the run (on the blade) on 
the lower point with the point of the rise (on the tongue) 
upon the line. 

6. Mark the position of the blade for the lower cut. 

7. Before removing from this position erect to the 
square a perpendicular at the point of the run (on the blade) 
for the cut that fits against the outside of the roof plate. 

8. If the projection is to be a foot, saw off the rafter 
one foot below this mark. 

I. Bring to school a straight board 4 in- wide and 12 
feet long or longer. 



MODEL SCHOOL HOUSE 



57 



2. Lay olT on the hoard the pattern of a rafter for a 
house 1 8 ft. wide, one-third pitch, projection of each raft- 
er one foot. 

3. Lay off on the board tlie pattern of a rafter for a 
coal shed 8 ft. wide one-fourth pitch, projection of each 
rafter 9 in. 

4. Lay off on the board the pattern of a rafter for a 
wagon shed 10 ft. wide, one-half pitch, projection 9 inches. 




■im 






jCfi- 









s^ii 



*^"'"^^^^^^^2^1^^i2^i^ 






.,,^-r^:^'v^-..^«... 



n. : ». '*■ , ■*" 









A MODEL ONE ROOM COUNTRY SCHOOL HOUSE 

Estimate the lumber bill for this house. 

Studding, 167 pieces, 2 in. by 4 in., 12 ft. long. 
Sills, 16 pieces, 2 in. by 8 in., 16 ft. long. 
Girders, 12 pieces, 2 in. by 8 in., 16 ft. long. 
Floor joists, 40 pieces, 2 in. by 8 in., 10 ft. long. 



RURAL ARITHMETIC 

Floor joists, 20 pieces, 2 in. by 8 in., 12 ft. long. 

Ceiling joists, 40 pieces, 2 in. by 6 in., 16 ft. lon^ 

Boxing (placed under weather-boarding). 

Weather-boarding (6 in. width). 

Ceiling (3^ in. width). 

Floors (3^ in. width). 

Brick for two one-stove flues, 14 ft. long. 



/f^ 



^^^^ 



OL\%\i igin vvide 



CLAhY) K.UUM Ih t ,V). 



;>LL \A;IMDU\A;S i-o-xfeb- 



Raw af Actii'i .?ff w/Jp 



e^ 



i^JJ?^ ■ Motki 






^^ ::[ 



7^ 



/ 






-3/0' 



.Tnt. A.flui-yetS 



THIS SHOWS MAIN .SCHOOL ROOM WITH THE BOYS' AND GIRLS' 
WORK SHOPS. 



USING THE BANK 



59 



^r^ 


T - V 


_^^ _^_ 




\ 


• \ 


\ / 


\ 


1 ^ 


\ 


1/ 


^ vi 




/ 


\ 


/ 


\ 


==--;^^^{m^-—- 


---= -^^-- -='--- 


/ 


;y^ 


/ 

-V 


\ 


/ 





Hip rafters, 4 
pieces, 2 in. by 8 in., 
24. ft. long. 

Common raft- 
ers, 4 pieces, 2 in. 
by 6 in., 18 ft. long. 

Jack rafters, 
2 in. by 6 in., 450 
ft. total length. 

Sheeting, 450 
feet. 

Bunches of 

shingles (iioo sq. 
ft. in roof). 



USING THE BANK 

The first step to be taken in opening an account with 
a bank is to deposit some money, and receive a pass book 
in which all deposits are entered as credits. This book be- 
longs to the customer and should be left with the bank 
monthly to be balanced, then it is returned to the owner 
with all canceled checks. 

It is the customer's duty to examine carefully the ac- 
count of all checks and report to the bank at once for the 
correction of any possible mistake. 

Checks 

A check is an order for a bank to pay a certain sum of 
money to the person designated, or his order, out of the 
(.Icposit of the person who signs the check. 

A check should be endorsed on the back before it is 
cashed. An endorsement is simply the signature of the 
owner of the check on the back of it. 



6o RURAL ARITHMETIC 



Hyden Citizen Bank 

$ 10-'^ Hyden. Ky., J^^^ 3, 1912 

P A Y^T o^TH E ^ Chester Dixon 

-^^^ Dollars 



OR 



IN^Q 1 Felix Feltner 



Where is the money deposited with which this check 
is to be paid? 

Who gets the money on this check? 

Who pays the check? ' 

Whose name should appear on the back of the check 
when it is cashed? 

Certified Checks 

When away from home among strangers or when send- 
ing a check to strangers it is wise to use a certified check to 
make certain of having your check promptly honored or 
paid. 

A certified check is one the payment of which is guar- 
anteed by the cashier of the bank on which it is drawn. 



-2: 

« S«Hyden Citizens' Bank 



2^ 
u 



c-j^ \L£f^'(^^ 



ce;rtified check 



NOTES ^I 

Notes 
A note is a written promise to pay a certain sum of 
money at a specified time. 

The usual form of a note is: — 

Booneville, Ky., March i, 19 12. 

One year after date I promise to pay to 'the order of 

Raymond Davidson Eighty-five Dollars, for value received, 

with interest at 6 %. 

Silas Moore, 

I. Require each member of the class to give his note 

to a classmate. Continue this drill until note writing 

becomes a simple matter. 

Interest 

Interest is money paid for the use of money. 
Interest is reckoned by the year. 

To find the interest on the face of a note, multiply the 
face of the note by the rate of interest expressed as hun- 
dredths, and multiply by the number of years or that part 
of a year, which the time the note runs, is of a year. 
Illustration: — 

What is the interest on $200 at 6% for i yr. 6 mo. ? 
$200 (Principal) 
.06 (Rate) 
$12.00 

i]A (Years). i yr. and 6 mo. = i^j years. 
$18.00 (Interest) 

1. Find the interest on $500 for 3 years at 6%. 

2. Fintl the interest on $50 for i yr. and 6 mo. at 6%, 

3. Find the interest on $75 for 6 months at 6cfo- 

4. Find tlie interest on $125 for 9 months at 6%. 

5. Fintl the interest on $160 for 6 months at S*"^ . 

6. Find the interest on $250 for i yr. and 3 months 
at 7%, 



62 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

STATE AND LOCAL TAXES 

The state must provide for taking care of the insane, 
the blind, the deaf and dumb, other unfortunates, and 
the criminals; it aids in supporting schools to educate the 
children; it must pay the salaries of the governor and other 
state officials, and look after general improvements, all of 
which is worth many more thousands of dollars to the peo- 
ple than it costs. The large sum of money required to do 
all this is obtained by taxing the property of the people. 

The county has need of much money with which to 
educate its people, build bridges, roads, court houses, 
school houses, take care of its poor, and maintain courts 
of justice. These expenses are all met by taxing the peo- 
ple and their property. 

A pole tax is a tax paid by each male citizen over 21 
years of age without regard to how little or how much prop- 
erty he owns. 

Real estate is any fixed property; as land and buildings. 

Personal property is any movable property; as money, 
household goods, farming implements, cattle, etc. 

Property tax is usually listed at so much per $100 
valuation of property. 

1. How much tax does a farmer pay who owns 80 
acres of land valued at $30 an acre, assessed at 2-3 of its 
value, and personal property assessed at $600, if the rate 
of taxation. is $1.50 per hundred ? 

2. How much tax does a farmer pay who owns 360 
acres of land assessed at $3600, and personal property as- 
sessed at I900, if the rate oftaxation is |i. 50 per hundred } 

3. How much does the administration of justice cost 
a county which pays annually on an average for 1944 ^^V^ 
of jury service at $2.00 per day and for 2^ months of a 
Circuit Judge's time at the rate of $4200 a year.? 

4. It is estimated by the Circuit Judge presiding in 



TAXKS 63 

this county that 9-10 of the expense was incurred in pros- 
ecuting crime of which wliiskey and ignorance were the 
direct cause. If this expense were to be met by a pole tax 
on the 1343 farmers in the county how mucli would be the 
share of each? 

5. How many $800 school houses or churclies could 
be built each year out of this waste ? 

The advanced pupils assisted by the teacher, might, 
with interest, make a list of the taxable property in tlieir 
district, as the number of acres of land and its value; liead 
of cattle, horses, sheep, etc., with the value of each. Such 
a list is called an assessment roll. 

6. From this roll estimate tlie rate of local tax on the 
$100 valuation, to make $50 worth of repairs on the 
school house and buy a $25 library. 



JUN ;S 1912 

64 RURAL ARITHMETIC 

SOME BOOKS A TEACHER SHOULD KNOW 

Mother Goose, Book Supply Co., Chicago $ .89 

Jungle Book, Kipling, Book Supply Co., Chicago. ... 1.20 

Alice in Wonderland, Lewis Carrol, Book Sup- 
ply Co. , Chicago 60 

Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyon, Book Supply Co., 

Chicago 60 

Robinson Crusoe, De Foe, Book Supply Co., 

Chicago 60 

Little Women, Akoti, Book Supply Co., Chicago.. . ." 1.05 

Tales From Shakespeare, Lamb, Book Supply 

Co. , Chicago 60 

Tom Brown's School Days, Hughes, Bdok Sup- 
ply Co. , Chicago 34 

Man Without a Country, Hale, Book Supply Co. , 

Chicago 34 

Golden Numbers, Wiggins and Smith, McClurg, 

Chicago 2. GO 

Manners and Morals, Shearer, Richardson, New 

York City . . i.oo 

Real Things in Nature, Holden, Macmillan Co., 

New York City 65 

He Can Who Thinks He Can, Marden, Crowell, 

New York City i . i o 

TWO GOOD BOOKS FOR FARMERS 

Agriculture for Beginners, Burkvtt, S/evens, and Hill 

Ginn & Co. , Chicago , $.85 

The Principles of Agriculture, Bailey, Macmillan Co., 
New York City $i.40 



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